UNESCO, Adult education and political mobilization

Authors

  • Marcella Milana Aarhus University, Denmark

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3384/confero.2001-4562.140604a

Abstract

In this article the author examine the type of mobilization processes that occur via interactions between the UNESCO and other political actors, and how these processes led to the creation of standard-setting and monitoring instruments, like the Belèm Framework for Action (UNESCO 2009) and the Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (UIL 2003, 2013). The findings point at three concurrent processes or modes of mobilization in adult education: landmarking, brokering and framing. Landmarking refers to the process of co-constructing a shared past for a broad set of actors with policy will in adult education; Brokering captures the process of supporting the transaction of values, ideas and information to envision a viable future for adult education; finally framing addresses the structuring of information and intentions to produce materials changes at governmental level in the field of adult education. Drawing on different data sources, for each mode the author present and discuss few of its incidences and visible marks.

References

Ball, Stephen. Global Education Inc. New Policy Networks and the Neo-liberal Imaginary. New York: Routledge, 2012

Burawoy, Michael, Joseph A. Blum, Sheba George, Zsuzsa Gille, Teresa Gowan, Lynne Haney, Maren Klawiter, Steven H. Lopez, Seán Ó Ríain and Millie Thaye. Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections, and Imaginations in a Postmodern World. University of California Press, 2000.

Borg, Carmel, and Peter Mayo. “The EU Memorandum on lifelong learning. Old wine in new bottles?” Globalisation, Societies and Education, 3.2 (2005): 203–225.

Carney, Stephen. “Negotiating Policy in an Age of Globalization: Exploring Educational ‘Policyscapes’ in Denmark, Nepal, and China.” Comparative Education Review 53.1 (2009): 63–88

Carney, Stephen. “Imagining Globalization: Educational Policyscapes”. World Yearbook of Education 2012. Eds. Gita Steiner-Khamsi and Florian Waldow. London / New York: Routledge, 2011. 339–353.

Cerny, Phillip. “From ‘Iron Triangles’ to ‘Golden Pentangles’? Globalizing the Policy Process.” Global Governance 7.4 (2001): 397–410.

Clarke, Adele. Situational analysis: Grounded theory after the postmodern turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005.

Corry, Olaf. “What is a (global) polity?” Review of International Studies 36 (2010): 157–180.

Delors, Jacques, and International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century, Learning: The Treasure within. Paris: UNESCO, 1996.

Easton, David. The Political System. An Inquiry into the State of Political Science. New York: Knopf, 1953.

Elfert, Maren. “Six Decades of Educational Multilateralism in a Globalising World: The History of the Unesco Institute in Hamburg.” International Review of Education 59 (2013): 263–87.

Fauré, Edgar, and International Commission on the Development of Education. Learning to be: The world of education today and tomorrow. Paris: UNESCO, 1972.

Fenwick, Tara, and Richard Edwards. Actor-Network Theory in Education. London: Routledge, 2010.

Grek, Sotiria, Martin Lawn, Bob Lingard, and Janne Varjo, “North by northwest: Quality assurance and evaluation processes in European education.” Journal of Education Policy, 24.2 (2009): 121–133.

Hamilton, Mary. “Global, regional and local influences on adult literacy policy in England.” Globalisation, Societies and Education, 2.1 (2014): 110–126.

Ioannidou, Alexandra. “A Comparative Analysis of New Governance Instruments in the Transnational Educational Space: a shift to knowledge-based instruments?” European Educational Research Journal, 6.4 (2007): 336–347.

Ireland, Timothy and Carlos Humberto Spezia Eds. Adult Education in Retrospective: 60 Years of Confintea. Brasilia: UNESCO-Brasilia Office and Brazilian Government-Ministry of Education, 2012.

Jakobi, Anja. International Organizations and Lifelong Learning: From Global Agendas to Policy Diffusion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (Transformation of the State Series), 2009.

Latour, Bruno. Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Levinson, Bradley A.U., Margaret Sutton, and Teresa Winstead. “Education Policy as a Practice of Power: Theoretical Tools, Ethnographic Methods, Democratic Options.” Educational Policy 23.6 (2009): 767–795.

Lima, Licínio, and Paula Guimarães. European Strategies of Lifelong Learning: A Critical Introduction. Opladen & Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2011.

Lawn, Martin, and Satira Grek. 2012. Europeanizing Education: governing a new policy space. Didcot, Oxon.: Symposium Books.

Milana, Marcella. “Political globalization and the shift from adult education to lifelong learning” RELA, 2.2 (2012): 103–117.

Milana, Marcella. “Globalization, transnational policies and adult education.” International Review of Education, 58.6 (2013): 777–797.

Milana, Marcella, and John Holford. Eds. Adult Education Policy and the European Union: Theorethical and Methodological Perspectives. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers (Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, Vol. I), 2014.

Milana, Marcella. “Introduction: A Global Perspective on Adult Education and Learning Policies”. Adult Education and Learning Policy: A Worldwide Review. Eds. Marcella Milana and Tom Nesbit. NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming.

Martens, Kerstin, and Dennis Niemann. 2010. Governance by Comparison – How Ratings & Rankings Impact National Policy-making in Education (TranState Working Papers No. 139). Bremen: Sfb 597 Staatlichkeit im Wandel.

Medel-Añonuevo, Carolyn, Carlos Alberto Torres, and Richard Desjardins. “Introduction.” International Review of Education, 57.1–2 (2011):1–8.

Moosung, Lee, and Tom Friedrich. “Continuously reaffirmed, subtly accommodated, obviously missing and fallaciously critiqued: ideologies in UNESCO’s lifelong learning policy.” International Journal of Lifelong Education, 30.2 (2011): 151–169.

Mohorčič Špolar, Vida, and John Holford. “Adult learning: from the margins to the mainstream”. Adult Education Policy and the European Union: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives. Eds. Marcella Milana and John Holford. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2014. 35–50.

Mulenga, Derek, Aisha D. Al-Harthi, and Davin Carr-Chellman. “Comparative and International Adult Education: A Content Analysis of Some Major Adult Education Journals.” Convergence 39.1 (2006): 77–89.

Nesbit, Tom, Welton. Eds. Adult Education and Learning in a Precarious Age: The Hamburg Declaration Revisited [Special Issue]. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 138, 2013.

Novóa Antonio, and Martin Lawn. Eds. Fabricating Europe: The Formation of an Education Space, London, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

Ozga, Jenny. Policy Research in Educational Settings contested terrain. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000.

Panitsides, Eugenia. “Learning a living? European Union Lifelong Learning policy: Advocating for “employability’.” Labor Markets: Policies, Challenges and the Role of Globalization. Ed. William E. Grossman. NY, USA: Nova Science, 2014. 85–101.

Panitsides, Eugenia. “Towards ‘utilitarian’ adult education perspectives? A critical review of the European Union adult education policy.” Adult Education and Learning Policy: A Worldwide Review. Eds. Marcella Milana and Tom Nesbit. NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, fortcoming.

Preece, Julia. “Research in adult education and lifelong learning in the era of CONFINTEA VI.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 30.1 (2011): 99–117.

Rizvi, Fazal, and Bob Lingard. Globalizing Education Policy. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Rizvi, Fazal. “Mobile minds.” Globalizing the research imagination. Eds. Johannah Kenway and Jane Fahey. Aningdon. New York: Routledge, 2009. 101–114.

Robertson, Susan. 2012. Signposts in ’doing’ critical transnational education policy analysis. Keynote address to the inaugural conference of the ESREA Network on Policy Studies in Adult Education, University of Nottingham, 10–12 February.

Rubenson, Kjell. “Framing the adult learning and education policy discourse: The role of the OECD.” Adult Education and Learning Policy: A Worldwide Review. Eds. Marcella Milana and Tom Nesbit. NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming.

Rubenson, Kjell. “OECD educational policies and world hegemon.” The OECD and transnational governance. Eds. Rianne Mahon and Stephen McBride. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009. 96–116.

Rubenson, Kjell. “Constructing the lifelong learning paradigm: Competing visions from the OECD and UNESCO,” Milestones towards lifelong learning systems. Ed. Søren Ehlers. Copenhagen: Danish School of Education, 2006. 151–170.

Shore, Chris, Susan Wright, and Davide Però. Eds. Policy Worlds: Anthropology and Analysis of Contemporary Power. London: Routledge, 1997.

Shore, Chris, and Susan Wright. Eds. Anthropology of Policy: Critical perspectives on Governance and Power. London: Routledge, 1997.

Singh, J. P. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Creating Norms for a Complex World. London / New York: Routledge, 2011.

Schuetze, Hans G. “International concepts and agendas of lifelong learning.” Compare 36.3 (2006): 289–306.

Tett, Lynn. “Comparative performance measures, globalizing strategies and literacy policy in Scotland.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 2.1 (2014): 127–142.

Tuijnman, A. C., and Ann Kristin Boström. “Changing Notions of Lifelong Education and Lifelong Learning.” International Review of Education 48.1/2 (2002): 93–110.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Harnessing the power and potential of adult learning and education for a viable future – Belèm Framework for Action. CONFINTEA VI Belèm, 4 December. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, 2009.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Hamburg declaration – The Agenda for the future. Fifth International Conference on Adult Education 14–18 July. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Education, 1997.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Recommendation on the development of adult education adopted by the General Conference at its nineteenth session, Nairobi, 26 November, 1976. Accessed 18 July 2012 from http://uil.unesco.org/fileadmin/keydocuments/AdultEducation/en/declaration-nairob_e.pdf.

UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL). 2nd Global Report on Adult Learning and Education – Rethink Literacy. Hamburg: UIL, 2013.

UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL). Global Report on Adult Learning and Education. Hamburg: UIL, 2009.

UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL). Towards an Open Learning World. Hamburg: UIL, 2002.

Vavrus, Frances, and Lesley Bartlett. Eds. Critical Approaches to Comparative Education. Vertical Case Studies from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas. Palgrave MacMillan, 2009.

Wain, Kenneth. “Lifelong Learning: Small Adjustments or Paradigmatic Shift?” International Handbook of Lifelong Learning. Eds. David Aspin, Judith Chapman, Michael Hatton, and Yukiko Sawano. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.183–198 (Vol. I).

Wise, Thomas J, and Rorden Wilkinson. “Foreword.” United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Creating Norms for a Complex World. J. P. Singh, London / New York: Routledge. 2011. xvi–xviii.

Downloads

Published

2014-08-21

Issue

Section

Articles